Etude et modélisation du comportement de structures osseuses sous sollicitations complexes.

Abstract

In order to analyze the biomechanical behavior of bone structures, such as femur and tibia, for biomedical or traumatic applications, finite element models are increasingly used throughout the range of orthopedic devices. It is adapted to the study of the behavior of any physiological unit, despite its complexity. Numerical simulation combined with techniques of acquisition of the geometry of the bone structure made it possible to build personalized models CT-based. Subject specific finite element models are typically used to predict the biomechanical response of human bones This biomechanical work combined the finite element method and CT scan to study, first, the stability of the tibial plateau fractured and repaired by a minimally invasive method. This technique uses a balloon and cement augmentation. As for the second, is to study the fracture risk of the femur under the effect of alignment of the limb. The results of the simulation of the tibial plateau have shown that cement plays a very important role. Indeed, it allows the reduction of the depression, the distribution of the stresses in the tibial plateau and facilitates the transfer of the load. However, femur simulation results have shown the influence of angular anomalies on the distribution of stresses. Valgus deformity increases the risk of cervical fracture. On the other hand, the modification of the distribution of the stress as a function of the alignment of the load affects the atypical fracture of the femur. These results underscored the potential of custom finite element modeling. This modeling made it possible to analyze the stabilization of the tibial plateau by a new technique tibioplasty. In addition, an evaluation of the fracture risk indicators influenced by the angular anomaly of the lower limb in the frontal plane was performed