Effects of inclination angle onnatural convection in cubic enclosure filledwith Copper–water nanofluid

Abstract

Effects of inclination angle on natural laminar and transient convection in a cubic enclosure filled with Cu-nanofluid,are analyzed numerically. The angle of inclination is usedas a control parameter for flow and heat transfer. It was varied from 00 to900. Theverticalwallsareactiveandthosehorizontalareadiabatic. The enclosure is filled by a Newtonian and incompressible fluid. Calculations were performed for Grashof number (103 ≤ Gr ≤ 106) and volume fraction of nanoparticles (0 ≤ Φ ≤ 0.1). The finite volume method is utilized and the SIMPLER algorithm is used for handling the pressure-velocity coupling. We compare results resulting from the latter with other similar results existing in the literature, and validate the model.